An exploration of Laplacian eigenmap algorithms for dimensionality reduction, with performance benchmarks on sparse neural circuit graphs from Drosophila connectome data.

A new revolutionary genome-editing tool called CRISPR has been and continues to change the landscape of genetics and bioengineering. As a result of these achievements and the versatility of CRISPR, general interest from the public has been sparked and has lead to much speculation of a genetically engineered future.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the U.S. department of agriculture are mostly from studied from transportation, industry, and electricity generation despite the fundamental importance of agriculture, forestry and other land usage (AFOLU) . Little has been done until recent decades to understand the impact on climate change by this sector in America and moreover the world. Such has become a problem at the global scale.

Solar power as an alternative source of energy is still facing push back by those who stem to profit from not moving to photovoltaics as a source of electricity despite large number of active projects and movement in tends in research and development to solar power over the past 2 decades. Moreover, in this recent decade (2010s), the price of projects has decreased substantially in comparison to the projects that started in the early 2000s and late 1990s.

Apis mellifera (honeybee) are one of the most studied insects in the world due to their crucial role as a pollinator of almost 85% of North American and European crops. Prior to 2013, Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) was a new and dangerous phenomena causing wide spread hive loss which directly impacted the pollination of agricultural products that relied on honeybees as pollinators. Through a concerted research effort, many possible causes of CCD were discovered.

Young English learners pronouncing 'so' as /suː/ (like 'to' and 'do') instead of /səʊ/ reveals how children naturally generalize pronunciation patterns, even when those generalizations conflict with standard rules.

mRNA vaccines use nano-lipid particles (NLPs) to protect and deliver genetic information to cells, solving long-standing delivery challenges in vaccine development. These vaccines achieve the robust immune response of weak-pathogen vaccines while maintaining the safety profile of subunit vaccines by acting in the cytosol without entering the nucleus.

PFK2 is a unique bifunctional enzyme that both phosphorylates and dephosphorylates fructose 6-phosphate depending on its own phosphorylation state. Despite having low substrate affinity, it plays a crucial role in blood glucose regulation by mediating insulin and glucagon responses. Inhibition of PFK2 disrupts the liver's ability to sense glucose levels, contributing to symptoms of diabetes mellitus including post-meal fatigue and hyperglycemia.

GERD occurs when stomach acid chronically flows back into the esophagus, lowering its pH from neutral (7.0) to damaging levels (4.0 or below), causing inflammation, ulcers, and potential cancer. Modern treatment uses proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole, which irreversibly bind to gastric proton pumps via covalent bonds with cysteine residues, effectively reducing stomach acid production and allowing esophageal tissue to heal.

Vitamin K serves as an essential cofactor in blood clotting by converting glutamic acid to γ-carboxyglutamic acid, enabling proteins like prothrombin to bind calcium. Found in leafy greens and crucial for photosynthesis in plants, this vitamin's discovery earned Henrik Dam a Nobel Prize after observing that chickens on fat-free diets would bleed to death.